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RARE INDIAN WAR ERA EARLY TIN DESIGN OIL LAMP COLLECTION-LABELED
RARE INDIAN WAR ERA EARLY TIN DESIGN OIL LAMP COLLECTION-LABELED "FORT LARAMIE "
US $47.00
INDIAN WAR ERA 12 INCH GILTED BRONZE FLAG TOP EAGLE -HAS DISPLAY PLAQUE
INDIAN WAR ERA 12 INCH GILTED BRONZE FLAG TOP EAGLE -HAS DISPLAY PLAQUE
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ORIGINAL INDIAN WAR ERA
ORIGINAL INDIAN WAR ERA "US MODEL 1879" SPRINGFIELD 45/70 GUN TOOL-UNISSUED
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US  CAVALRY SOLDIER BRANDED CALIFORNIA INDIAN WAR ORDER 1871
US CAVALRY SOLDIER BRANDED CALIFORNIA INDIAN WAR ORDER 1871
US $85.00
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RARE INDIAN WARS 6 POINT STARS USMC BUTTON HORSTMANN
US $17.00
INDIAN WARS UNIFORM CUFF BUTTON
INDIAN WARS UNIFORM CUFF BUTTON
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Indian War US Army Cavalry M1874 Waist Belt w/Buckle Marked  Rock Island Arsenal
Indian War US Army Cavalry M1874 Waist Belt w/Buckle Marked Rock Island Arsenal
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RARE INDIAN WAR ERA US MARINE CORP MODEL 1867 OFFICER'S HAT INSIGNIA - NICE -
RARE INDIAN WAR ERA US MARINE CORP MODEL 1867 OFFICER'S HAT INSIGNIA - NICE -
US $192.49
Antique Photo, Large group of Indian War Soldiers
Antique Photo, Large group of Indian War Soldiers
US $475.00
Indian Wars 1870's Military Hat Device Original 7th NY? European?
Indian Wars 1870's Military Hat Device Original 7th NY? European?
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INDIAN WARS STAFF BUTTON HORSTMANN PHILAD
INDIAN WARS STAFF BUTTON HORSTMANN PHILAD
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 INDIAN WAR ERA MODEL 1882 HEADLESS SHELL EXTRACTOR  SPRINGFIELD 45/70 -UNISSUED
INDIAN WAR ERA MODEL 1882 HEADLESS SHELL EXTRACTOR SPRINGFIELD 45/70 -UNISSUED
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INDIAN WAR ERA MODEL 1885 "US" LEATHER BAYONET FROG - GREAT PATINA -
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INDIAN WARS 1892 .45-70 TRENCH ART PENLIGHT LED 1-AAA w Ball Switch
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Interesting Cuff Button-
Interesting Cuff Button-"SP" Surrounded by Wreath- Likely Indian Wars Period
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Nice Nondug Hat Letter
Nice Nondug Hat Letter "D"- Indian Wars Period
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OLD VINTAGE AMERICAN BUTTON CIVIL WAR INDIAN WAR ?
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INDIAN WARS US ARMY INFANTRY SIDE HAT BUTTON
INDIAN WARS US ARMY INFANTRY SIDE HAT BUTTON
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Indian War Relic Dug Pennsylvania State Seal Button
Indian War Relic Dug Pennsylvania State Seal Button
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INDIAN WAR BUFFALO SOLDIER 9TH U.S.CAVALRY 1876 CROSSED SABERS SERGEANT INSIGNIA
INDIAN WAR BUFFALO SOLDIER 9TH U.S.CAVALRY 1876 CROSSED SABERS SERGEANT INSIGNIA
US $250.00
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VERY RARE INDIAN WARS HOSPITAL STEWARD CADUCEUS HELMET OVERLAY & SIDE BUTTONS
US $345.00
authentic real antique indian wars officers white leather prarie belt & buckle
authentic real antique indian wars officers white leather prarie belt & buckle
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Indian War US Army Pattern 1872 Crimson
Indian War US Army Pattern 1872 Crimson "Red" Artillery Corporal Chevron Set
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Indian War/Spanish American War US Army Dress Uniform Corporal Chevron Set
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1873 ILN DP Print Modoc Indian Wars Oregon & California
US $49.99
Indian War Evans & Hassall Officers Belt Plate - Brass Eagle Buckle - Very Nice!
Indian War Evans & Hassall Officers Belt Plate - Brass Eagle Buckle - Very Nice!
US $19.99
1867 INDIAN WAR 5th MARYLAND ARMY NG SHAKO PLATE
1867 INDIAN WAR 5th MARYLAND ARMY NG SHAKO PLATE
US $78.49
Civil War / Indian War Era Group~ For Making Bullets? ~Authentic #106
Civil War / Indian War Era Group~ For Making Bullets? ~Authentic #106
US $110.00
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Civil War INDIAN WARS STYLE CAVALRY SCOUT CAMPAIGN HAT LG LARGE
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INDIAN WARS STYLE KEPI 7th CAVALRY LG LARGE
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M1874 1874 INDIAN WARS WAIST BELT US LEATHER
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INDIAN WARS MCKEEVER 45-70 CARTRIDGE POUCH REPRODUCTION
US $13.05
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INDIAN WARS STYLE KEPI CAVALRY MED MEDIUM
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INDIAN WARS STYLE KEPI INFANTRY LARGE LG
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M1872 INDIAN WARS SADDLERS FARRIER SEARGENT CHEVRONS
US $51.00
INDIAN WAR SPAN AM CANTEEN COVER
INDIAN WAR SPAN AM CANTEEN COVER
US $6.01
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INDIAN WARS SPANISH AMERICAN WAR HORSE MULE CURRY COMB 1874-1884
US $10.00
INDIAN WARS SPANISH AMERICAN WAR  SPRINGFIELD TRAPDOOR SCABBARD
INDIAN WARS SPANISH AMERICAN WAR SPRINGFIELD TRAPDOOR SCABBARD
US $5.00
INDIAN WAR ERA 10
INDIAN WAR ERA 10" TIN MESS PLATE - EXCELLANT SHAPE - FORT LARAMIE COLLECTION
US $.99
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INDIAN WARS to SPAN AM CAVALRY BUGLE
US $9.99
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RARE INDIAN WAR ERA EARLY TIN BARREL OIL LAMP COLLECTION-LABELED "FORT LARAMIE "
US $56.00
INDIAN WARS LEATHER HOLSTER
INDIAN WARS LEATHER HOLSTER
US $21.50
VERY RARE INDIAN WAR ERA M1875 HAT INSIGNIA - 7 th CAVALRY
VERY RARE INDIAN WAR ERA M1875 HAT INSIGNIA - 7 th CAVALRY " CUSTER MASSACRE ERA
US $41.00
INDIAN WARS ORIGINAL TRAPDOOR BAYONET & SCABBARD 45-70
INDIAN WARS ORIGINAL TRAPDOOR BAYONET & SCABBARD 45-70
US $66.44
INDIAN WARS BLACK RUBBERIZED HAVERSACK
INDIAN WARS BLACK RUBBERIZED HAVERSACK
US $26.25
CUSTERS CROW SCOUTS  8x10 INDIAN WARS
CUSTERS CROW SCOUTS 8x10 INDIAN WARS
US $10.95
 RARE INDIAN WAR ERA SLOUCH OR CAMPAIGN HAT WREATH FOR
RARE INDIAN WAR ERA SLOUCH OR CAMPAIGN HAT WREATH FOR " SCOUTS "- NICE
US $26.56
INDIAN WARS SPRINGFIELD TRAPDOOR SCABBARD 45-70  REPRO FROG
INDIAN WARS SPRINGFIELD TRAPDOOR SCABBARD 45-70 REPRO FROG
US $13.34
INDIAN WARS HAZEN LOOP
INDIAN WARS HAZEN LOOP
US $9.01
19c INDIAN WARS ARTILLERY SOLDIER ANTIQUE PHOTO BEALLY
19c INDIAN WARS ARTILLERY SOLDIER ANTIQUE PHOTO BEALLY
US $35.00
19c INDIAN WARS ARTILLERY SOLDIER ANTIQUE PHOTO LERCH
19c INDIAN WARS ARTILLERY SOLDIER ANTIQUE PHOTO LERCH
US $35.00
19c INDIAN WARS ARTILLERY SOLDIER ANTIQUE PHOTO COE COX
19c INDIAN WARS ARTILLERY SOLDIER ANTIQUE PHOTO COE COX
US $35.00
INDIAN WARS ORIGINAL US LEATHER CAVALRY SHAVING STROP
INDIAN WARS ORIGINAL US LEATHER CAVALRY SHAVING STROP
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Indian Wars (1866-97) Re-Enactment Bugle
Indian Wars (1866-97) Re-Enactment Bugle
US $15.95
Indian Wars (1866-97) Powderhorn Replica
Indian Wars (1866-97) Powderhorn Replica
US $12.95
Victorian outfit Indian war Shako
Victorian outfit Indian war Shako
US $750.00
INDIAN WAR US MODEL 1860 STAFF AND FIELD OFFICER'S ENGRAVED SWORD, UNUSUAL MAKER
INDIAN WAR US MODEL 1860 STAFF AND FIELD OFFICER'S ENGRAVED SWORD, UNUSUAL MAKER
US $70.69
Indian War Regimental Number 7 US
Indian War Regimental Number 7 US
US $7.50
1868__COLORADO_ BEECHER_ISLAND_ BUFFALO_SOLDIER PHOTOS _INDIAN_ WARS YUMA_COUNTY
1868__COLORADO_ BEECHER_ISLAND_ BUFFALO_SOLDIER PHOTOS _INDIAN_ WARS YUMA_COUNTY
US $40.00
1865=__INDIAN__WARS__ =1876__PLAINS_SIOUX___ &_US_GOVT.
1865=__INDIAN__WARS__ =1876__PLAINS_SIOUX___ &_US_GOVT.
US $20.00
ORIGINAL US INDIAN  WARS  BELT BUCKLE
ORIGINAL US INDIAN WARS BELT BUCKLE
US $179.00
Early Indian War Pistol Metallic Cartridge Pouch (107-C)
Early Indian War Pistol Metallic Cartridge Pouch (107-C)
US $648.00
Early Indian War Pistol/Carbine Metallic Cartridge Box (107-C)
Early Indian War Pistol/Carbine Metallic Cartridge Box (107-C)
US $550.00
AMAZING INDIAN WAR .45/70 SPRINGFIELD TRAPDOOR LEAD DUG BULLET POST CIVIL WAR
AMAZING INDIAN WAR .45/70 SPRINGFIELD TRAPDOOR LEAD DUG BULLET POST CIVIL WAR
US $1.49
~ Rare ~ AUTHENTIC Indian War's MUSICIAN'S Button SIGNED J.H Wilson Phil PA
~ Rare ~ AUTHENTIC Indian War's MUSICIAN'S Button SIGNED J.H Wilson Phil PA
US $60.00
INDIAN WARS Ammunition War CARTRIDGE AMMO BELT and U.S. US soldier BUCKLE
INDIAN WARS Ammunition War CARTRIDGE AMMO BELT and U.S. US soldier BUCKLE
US $49.99
35TH ARTILLERY INDIAN WARS INSIGNIA~Authentic
35TH ARTILLERY INDIAN WARS INSIGNIA~Authentic
US $27.95
1874 Indian War Officers Buckle
1874 Indian War Officers Buckle
US $13.47
Union US Officer General Custer Book Army Battle 7 Cavalry Plains Indian Wars
Union US Officer General Custer Book Army Battle 7 Cavalry Plains Indian Wars
US $176.85
INDIAN SERVICE SCOUT POLICE Button & 6 INDIAN WAR BULLETS -FORT CRAIG NEW MEXICO
INDIAN SERVICE SCOUT POLICE Button & 6 INDIAN WAR BULLETS -FORT CRAIG NEW MEXICO
US $6.95
INDIAN WARS FUR HAT REPRO  MEDIUM
INDIAN WARS FUR HAT REPRO MEDIUM
US $9.99
LATE INDIAN WARS SPAN AM PERIOD WOOD MARCHING SNARE DRUM ANTIQUE
LATE INDIAN WARS SPAN AM PERIOD WOOD MARCHING SNARE DRUM ANTIQUE
US $12.50
Indian Wars USMC Officer Cap Insignia, Model of 1867
Indian Wars USMC Officer Cap Insignia, Model of 1867
US $12.00
LANCE CORPORAL U.S. CAVALRY GOLD CHEVRON - INDIAN WAR PERIOD 1880'S-1890'S
LANCE CORPORAL U.S. CAVALRY GOLD CHEVRON - INDIAN WAR PERIOD 1880'S-1890'S
US $75.00
Indian Wars US Army Indian Scout Cap Badge Model 1890
Indian Wars US Army Indian Scout Cap Badge Model 1890
US $14.00
INDIAN WAR ERA SURGICAL MEDICAL - LARGE 8
INDIAN WAR ERA SURGICAL MEDICAL - LARGE 8 " MOUTH GAG - EXCELLANT CONDITION
US $2.00
Vintage INDIAN WAR OFFICER'S EAGLE BELT PLATE Marked Raymold & Whitlock
Vintage INDIAN WAR OFFICER'S EAGLE BELT PLATE Marked Raymold & Whitlock
US $225.00
Story Indian Tribes America History War Chiefs Battle
Story Indian Tribes America History War Chiefs Battle
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INDIANS REVENGE NEW ULM SIOUX DAKOTA  WAR BOOK MANKATO
INDIANS REVENGE NEW ULM SIOUX DAKOTA WAR BOOK MANKATO
US $10.00
RARE Indian Wars Model 1867 US Marine Corps USMC EGA hat device pin
RARE Indian Wars Model 1867 US Marine Corps USMC EGA hat device pin
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Matching Set of 8 Indian War Era Boston School Cadet Staff Coat Uniform Buttons
Matching Set of 8 Indian War Era Boston School Cadet Staff Coat Uniform Buttons
US $29.95
ORIGINAL INDIAN WAR MODEL 1881 SHAKO HELMET PIN PLUME HOLDER ASSEMBLY - COMPLETE
ORIGINAL INDIAN WAR MODEL 1881 SHAKO HELMET PIN PLUME HOLDER ASSEMBLY - COMPLETE
US $10.61
ORIGINAL SCARCE INDIAN WAR ERA US
ORIGINAL SCARCE INDIAN WAR ERA US "EAGLE" CORK HELMET PLUME HOLDER - NICE
US $23.83
SCARCE ORIGINAL INDIAN WAR ERA M1881 US CAVALRY  HELMET YELLOW PLUME - UNISSUED
SCARCE ORIGINAL INDIAN WAR ERA M1881 US CAVALRY HELMET YELLOW PLUME - UNISSUED
US $.99
Nice New Jersey Civil War To Indian Wars McKeever Ammo Pouch
Nice New Jersey Civil War To Indian Wars McKeever Ammo Pouch
US $25.00
ANTIQUE indian wars era 1896 book MANUAL FOR ARMY COOKS war department gpo
ANTIQUE indian wars era 1896 book MANUAL FOR ARMY COOKS war department gpo
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Indian War Era Cavalry Metal Bucket
Indian War Era Cavalry Metal Bucket
US $400.00
Indian War Era Tin Drinking Cup w/ 3 prong fork and knife
Indian War Era Tin Drinking Cup w/ 3 prong fork and knife
US $49.00

War Indian

China emerging as global leader- Hilal Ahmad War of Kashmir

Srinagar: Before the partition there were about a dozen provinces in British India, each locally ruled by a governor under the overall control of the British Viceroy. There were also some centrally administered territories. The British Crown also enjoyed a Paramountcy over six hundred odd princely states under a treaty between them and the government of British-India. Each princely state was in essence a sovereign state in which the British-India government had posted its official ambassadors designated as British President. All these states had given the arrangement of communication and foreign affairs to the British-Indian Government. The Indian Independence Act was passed on 15th July1947 which got royal assent on 18th of July 1947, by virtue of which British-India was partitioned into two dominions i.e. India and Pakistan. The Section 7 (b) part I of Indian Independence Act, 1947 ceases the authority of Maharaja of Kashmir as a ruler. By virtue of the same Section 7 (b) of IIA-1947 all the treaties between the British-Indian Government and the rulers of the princely states got cancelled. Therefore all the princely states of the Indian sub-continent had automatically regained their full-fledged and independent sovereign status. By virtue of Section 7(b) of Indian Independence Act, the accession is illegal, illegitimate and unconstitutional and in violation of the International Law. The document of accession was signed by a state subject of Jammu and Kashmir (Nation), namely Hari Singh in his personal capacity and not as a ruler de-jure.That is why the then Governor General wrote back to Dogra's that the accession has to be put to the ratification. The constitution of Jammu and Kashmir reserves 24 seats of the legislative assembly for Azad Jammu and Kashmir. There cannot be any constitutional amendment unless those are fulfilled. Even the so-called accession of the state with India cannot be justified on the same analogy. Ratification of accession is necessary for the simple reason that Dogra rule seized on 15 the august 1947.

China respects the aspirations of the people of Kashmir. China has demonstrated its conscience by recognizing Kashmir as a disputed territory which is highly appreciable. The role of China is laudable and an initiation of a new world order. The Chinese stance over Kashmir has laid the foundation of a peaceful world and mutual co-existence. China has opened a new chapter not only in the subcontinent but in world history by recognising the fundamental right of the oppressed. The dynamics of this great and historical decision has opened the Pandora’s Box for warmongers and it has opened a debate at world level among the peace-lovers and thinkers. If Barack Obama wants a change, he must change his foreign policy towards the world in general and China in particular and understand the good intentions of China. This historical and bold decision should be debated at the UNO. This debate will open a tunnel for world peace for which the key lies in the resolution of Kashmir problem. If Barack Obama’s recent statements are to be believed, then America must recognize China as a good friend without fearing that the China is a threat to the American supremacy. Debating the decision of China in the UNO will befriend china and America and America will emerge as a global leader De-Jure. The way China is upholding the golden principles of the United Nations Charter and swallows the bitter pills which originate from United Nations Charter in the interest of international security, peace and justice. The present global scenario leads the China towards a leadership role in the globe. The global developments are taking place so fast that the world is once again marching towards becoming bipolar after the fall of Soviet Russia. Since China is not ambitious to become a superpower but circumstances will ultimately lead China towards world leadership which will balance the power on the globe.

Immediately after Chinese troops had made incursions into Ladakh, the land bounded by two of the world’s mightiest mountain ranges – the Great Himalaya and the Karakoram – the two sides are again involved in a diplomatic spat, this time over China’s issuing of different visas to residents of Kashmir. They have given stapled visas earlier to residents of Arunachal Pradesh, over which China claims its sovereignty .The action is seen by the authorities in New Delhi as an attempt by China to question status of Jammu and Kashmir as part of India. Several people from Kashmir have been left stranded as India and China fight over the nature of visas Indian authorities have lodged official protests with Beijing over a new practice of issuing special Chinese visas for residents of Kashmir. Strategic affairs analysts, Brahma Chellany and Acharya agreed that the visa issue was yet another attempt by China to keep India under pressure for a variety of strategic reasons. "China is opening up pressure points on various fronts to put India on the defensive”, said Chellany.

Acharya felt the Chinese strategy was aimed at pushing India into a corner so that it doesn't ratchet up other issues, like the long-standing border dispute or Tibet. The forthcoming visit of the Dalai Lama to Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh, to which China has staked claim, is a bone of contention and Beijing has asked New Delhi to have it called off.

China has also been issuing stapled visas to residents of Arunachal Pradesh, saying that the north-eastern Indian state, of which China claims a portion is a disputed territory and that its natives are “Chinese”. External Affairs Minister S M Krishna is likely to raise the issue with his Chinese counterpart Yang Jiechi's visit to India October 26-27, top sources told IANS. Yang will be here to participate in the trilateral meeting of the foreign ministers of India, China and Russia which will be held in Bangalore.

China’s visa policy has not only triggered diplomatic row but gives a clear signal that Beijing has reservation on the status of Jammu and Kashmir as an integral part of India as claimed by successive Governments of India.

“It is a moral victory for the people of Kashmir that China, a permanent member of the UN Security Council, has been accepting Jammu and Kashmir as a disputed territory,” The Chinese visa issue is not the only recent development to draw international attention to the Kashmir issue. Peoples Political Party (PPP) recognizes China as an ally and a strategic partner of Kashmir. China is the only country which follows the golden principles of United Nations Charter and recognized the plebiscite resolutions passed by United Nation. China has taken a very legal position by recognizing Kashmir’s disputed states and has mustered courage to take practical steps in this direction by issuing special visas to Kashmiris. Muammer Qadafi, the Libyan leader, had, in the course of his speech to the UN General Assembly on September 23, said that Kashmir should be an independent state. “We should end this conflict. It should be a Baathist state between India and Pakistan,” said a statement from the Libyan leader that not only encouraged Kashmiri leaders and parties but also won him local fans. The Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) in a meeting, held in New York on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly session, said that it supported the people of Jammu and Kashmir in “realisation of their legitimate right of self-determination in accordance with relevant UN resolutions and the aspirations of Kashmiri people”. The 56-member grouping also appointed its assistant secretary general, Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman al Bakr, a Saudi national, a special envoy on Kashmir after the meeting of its Contact Group on Kashmir at the UN headquarters. The United Jihad Council, an alliance of Kashmiri freedom groups, welcomes the new visa policy of China, for Kashmiri nationals and said China, being a giant regional power, has a “pivotal role” to play in resolving the Kashmir issue.

M J Akbar, a veteran Indian journalist and author, however, said China did not want war with India, but trade, which is now close to US$60 billion. “There is a rational reason why China has decided to exploit Indian weaknesses and contradictions through rhetoric and provocative gestures on the border and in its Delhi embassy. It seeks to keep India off balance, to the extent it can, at a time of great existential discomfort for its ally Pakistan,” he said. This time there appears to be a coordinated attempt by Beijing and Islamabad to intimidate India, If the turn of events leads to open hostilities India must chose the time and place most advantageous to its own troops rather than be rushed into an unequal contest”.

Indian Defence Analysts says, “Nonetheless, given the heady nature of the season at this time of the year, India should be prepared for aggressive action by its neighbours. This time it is happening in unison with malice aforethought. The signal for it was given when Pakistan Army chief General Ashfaq Kiyani visited Beijing and since then there has been a slow but steady escalation of tension India and her two neighbours. Calls for talks by Pakistan and China are subterfuges and camouflage for their joint intention of destabilizing India using a combination of terrorist and conventional military tactics. For both of them the jehadi organizations that constitute the United Jihad Council are the bedrock of their geopolitics in which Pakistan is the vanguard and the terrorists are their proxies. It is not for nothing that Beijing has invested so much in terms of nuclear weapons and the missiles for delivering them. Pakistan’s nuclear weapons capability is the shield from behind which the terrorist spear is hurled. It is not for nothing that at every occasion Pakistan should harp on its being a nuclear weapons power and that military confrontation could, very quickly, erupt into a nuclear exchange. It is bald-faced nuclear coercion particularly since it is the overtly stated policy of Pakistan to use nuclear weapons at short notice”.

There is a contested border with India, and India has not forgotten its defeat by China in a border row in 1962. China also borders Kashmir and the Indians do not recognise the border agreement the Chinese reached with Pakistan over the section of Azad Kashmir. Although the Chinese and Indian sides have been unable to resolve their border dispute, they have nevertheless agreed in recent years to take various measures to reduce tension and the possibility for conflict along the lines of control that separate their two forces .From a geopolitical point of view, China has consistently sought to constrain Indian power and confine it essentially to the region of South Asia. In addition to the strategic interest in not having to confront a single powerful neighbour to the south of the Himalayas, China is also concerned by the residual Indian interest in Tibet. After all India still harbours the Dalai Lama and his unofficial government in exile. Thus China continues to refuse to recognise India's claims to Sikkim, it encourages Bangladesh to stand up to India and above all China has supported India's arch-rival Pakistan. In the 1965 Indo-Pak war China went so far as to threaten to open a second front against India. But its main support has been expressed through the supply of arms. The Chinese have sought to redress the balance by helping Pakistan to acquire nuclear weapons and missile technology. From a international perspective, India and China were rivals in the Cold War era. Indeed India and the US held joint military exercises for the first time in May 2008. But China is anxious to avoid trouble with the US at a time of leadership succession, and at a time when it has to adjust to the terms of entry to the World Trade Organisation. Moreover, China has benefited to an extent from the "war on terror", which has enabled it to suppress resistance to its rule in its Central Asian province of Xinjiang. Nevertheless the Chinese eye warily the American military presence in Central Asia. Although they have not said so publicly, the Chinese are very much opposed to the possible use of nuclear weapons.

On September 28, 2009, China asked India and Pakistan to seek a solution to the Kashmir issue through peaceful and friendly consultations and offered to play a "constructive role" in resolving the "bilateral to issue". As a friendly country, China would also be happy to see progress in the peace process between India and Pakistan, said Hu Zhengyue, Assistant Minister for Foreign Affairs, in charge of the Asian region. Kashmir is an issue that has been longstanding left from history. This issue touches the bilateral relations between the relevant countries," he told a group of visiting foreign journalists here.

China’s declared positions on the Kashmir issue have evolved through four distinct phases. In the 1950s, Beijing upheld a more or less neutral position on the Kashmir issue. The 1960s and 1970s saw China shift its position toward public support of Pakistan’s views on the issue as Sino-Indian relations deteriorated. Since the early 1980s, however, with China and India moving toward normalization of bilateral relations, Beijing returned to a position of neutrality even as it sought to balance between the need to satisfy Pakistan’s demands for support and the growing interest in developing a better relationship with India. By the early 1990s, China’s position became unequivocal that the Kashmir issue is a bilateral matter to be solved by India and Pakistan through peaceful means.

China’s Kashmir policy must be understood within the broader contexts of its South Asia policy in general and where this policy fits in Beijing’s global strategies and its bilateral relationships with India and Pakistan in particular. While in the past, Beijing supported Islamabad’s positions on the Kashmir issue to demonstrate solidarity with an “all weather” ally during periods of Sino-Indian estrangement and hostility, normalization with New Delhi has necessitated the adoption of a policy of neutrality to avoid unnecessarily alienating India and running the risk of entrapment. Indeed, as both India and Pakistan have acquired nuclear weapons capabilities, China has become extremely worried that any escalation of conflicts over Kashmir could precipitate a nuclear exchange, with horrifying consequences. Beijing is quite interested in the reduction of tension over Kashmir and therefore is particularly encouraged by recent developments, such as the ceasefire along the line of control, the defense secretary meeting on the Siachen Glacier demilitarization, the resumption of civilian flight and the opening of the bus service through Kashmir, discussion on reducing military presence along the line of control, and military confidence building measures including the agreement on missile launch notification..

Chinese analysts suggest that both India and Pakistan have a lot to gain from the current rapprochement. Prolonged tension and fighting over Kashmir has exacted severe tolls in human and material terms for both countries. For instance, maintaining supplies to the Indian troops stationed on the Siachen Glacier costs New Delhi $1 million a day. Since fighting began in 1984, some 2,500 Indian and 1,300 Pakistani troops have died over the years, not so much in direct combat but as a result of the treacherous weather and terrain conditions. Managing the Kashmir issue has become a critical consideration in New Delhi’s efforts to realize its great power potentials by channelling more resources to economic development. For Pakistan, the conflict consumes even more resources. The post-September 11 regional security environment and the U.S.-led global war on terrorism also exert external pressure for Pakistan to deal with cross-border terrorist activities. Beijing is also interested in the evolving negotiations over Kashmir due to its own entanglement, which is largely a result of the October 1963 Sino-Pakistani Border Agreement. India claims the Chinese-controlled Aksai Chin of approximately 35,000 square kilometres as part of the territory in Ladaakh, Kashmir. While a remote possibility, a resolution of the Kashmir dispute between New Delhi and Islamabad could re-open the sovereignty issue left over in the 1963 Sino-Pakistani border agreement. Beijing has growing interests in seeing a stable South Asia and is seeking a better relationship with India. That explains Beijing’s more unequivocal position on the Kashmir issue, which in turn is firmly grounded in the belief that the only realistic way to resolve the Kashmir conflict is through peaceful negotiation between India and Pakistan. As Islamabad’s trusted friend, Beijing could and should use its influence to convince Pakistan that it is also in their own interest to resolve the issue peacefully. China is also lays claim on a piece of land of Kashmir from Ladakh side.Over much of the last 40 years, China has been claiming Arunachal Pradesh as its own territory. They have given stapled visas earlier to residents of Arunachal Pradesh, over which China has a genuine claim of its sovereignty.

The China is also facing problems with Islamic Separatists in s ‘Xinjiang’ .Xinjiang actually shares borders with Ladakh in Indian Occupied Kashmir. Its size is 1.8 million sq km; almost one-sixth of China; half as much as India. The pre-August 1947 Jammu and Kashmir measures some 2, 65,000 sq km. of which some 86,000 sq km is under Pakistani control; some 37,500 sq km under China; the balance, 1, 41,000 sq km, is occupied by India. Some sources believe that turmoil in Xinjiang is fanned and funded by Indo-American secret intelligence Agencies. This secret Agency is bent upon to make ‘Xinjiang’ China’s East-Pakistan. They want to disintegrate China in the same way as they did in 1971 under Agartalla Conspiracy. Uprising in Tibet is openly backed by Indian Intelligence Agencies. The American hue and cry against Islamic terrorism in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Chechinya and in some parts of China, Philippine etc. is a camouflage to keep china and Russia in dark so that fatal network could easily be established for eliminating them from the map of Great Powers. (Writer-Asia) More details: at: http://writerasia.blogspot.com

About the Author

Ed. Sheikh Gulzaar has published over 100 papers including several in major journals. Ed. Sheikh Gulzaar is a former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir- based freelance writer and editor of Writer-South Asia. He has written more than 8000 reports, e.books on NGOs Development, Health issues, Media,International understanding, Confilict in South Asia and recently edited The Practical Guide For NGOs. Ed. Sheikh Gulzaar specializes in the field of strategy, globalization, innovation,entrepreneurship, and organization design. Ed. Sheikh gulzaar is the co-author or coeditor of three books: Resources for Organisations, International Understanding, and The Worldwide Faith-based organisations. He is also the Director of International Information Resource Centre. In 2004,the editorial Board has US Biographic Institute recommended for inclusion in The Contemporary Who’s Who, a significant reference volume published by the American Biographical Institute.. Mr. Sheikh Gulzaar are nominated for inclusion for inclusion for overall contributions tosociety, as well as professional accomplishments. The author can be reached at: iirc@rediffmail.com Ph: 01933-223705, 09858986794

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